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Preceramic polymer

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr">The term preceramic polymer refers to one of various <a href="Polymer" title="Polymer"> polymeric compounds</a>, which through <a href="Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">pyrolysis</a> under appropriate conditions (generally in the absence of oxygen) are converted to ceramic compounds, having high thermal and chemical stability. Ceramics resulting from the <a href="Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">pyrolysis</a> of preceramic polymers are known as <a href="Polymer_derived_ceramics" title="Polymer derived ceramics">polymer derived ceramics</a>, or PDCs. Polymer derived ceramics are most often <a href="Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> based and include <a href="Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">silicon carbide</a>, silicon oxycarbide, <a href="Silicon_nitride" title="Silicon nitride">silicon nitride</a> and silicon oxynitride. Such PDCs are most commonly amorphous, lacking long-range crystalline order. <a href="#cite_note-pdcs-1">[1]</a>

The field of preceramic polymers and polymer derived ceramics in general emerged from the requirements in aerospace industries for heat shield materials such as fiber reinforced ceramic / ceramic composite materials.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The use of preceramic polymers allows for diverse processing techniques relative to conventional ceramic processing. For example, the spinning of fibres, casting of <a href="Thin_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin films">thin films</a> and the molding of complex shapes. Commonly used preceramic polymers include polycarbosilanes and <a href="Silicone" title="Silicone">polysiloxanes</a>, which transform through <a href="Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">pyrolysis</a> to <a href="Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide"> SiC</a> and <a href="Silicon_oxycarbide" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon oxycarbide">SiOC</a> type ceramics respectively. <a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>

A low-cost method of creating complex 3D shapes of ceramics components is to use <a href="3D_printing" title="3D printing">additive manufacturing</a> (AM) in a use a two-step process of first printing the artifact in polymer and then converting it to ceramic using pyrolysis to form polymer derived ceramics (PDCs).<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> This process works with <a href="Fused_filament_fabrication" title="Fused filament fabrication">fused filament fabrication</a> (FFF)-based 3-D printing to make fully dense cellular structures,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> which can be used for scaffolds for bone regeneration that need to be mechanically stable and have a 3D architecture with interconnected pores.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Various other 3D printing techniques (e.g., <a href="Stereolithography" title="Stereolithography">stereolithography</a>, <a href="Digital_Light_Processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Light Processing">digital light processing</a>, and <a href="Multiphoton_lithography" title="Multiphoton lithography">two-photon polymerization</a>) that are compatible with this strategy have so far been widely investigated.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> For example, through photopolymerization methods, preceramic polymers can be used in stereolithography approaches, enabling the <a href="Additive_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Additive manufacturing">additive manufacturing</a> of complex shaped ceramic objects. In such methods, by means of irradiation-driven cross-linking, liquid preceramic polymers transform into rigid thermoset polymers that preserve their shape through the following polymer-to-ceramic transformation that takes place in pyrolysis. In this transformation, polymers transform into glassy ceramic products. <a href="#cite_note-pdcs-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-pdcs-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pdcs_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pdcs_1-1">b</a> Kizhakke Veettil et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/13/4546:">[1]</a> A versatile stereolithographic approach assisted by thiol-ene click chemistry, Additive Manufacturing 2019, volume 27 pages 80-90

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<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427213506/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b244/aa6c54fc7f1c17349764c315890c0fe1dce4.pdf">Preceramic Polymers: Past Present and Future</a>, Office of Naval Research

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.starfiresystems.com/ceramic-forming-polymers/">"Ceramic Forming Polymers"</a>. Starfire Systems. Retrieved 2021-08-18.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKulkarniSorarùPearce2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kulkarni, Apoorv; Sorarù, Gian Domenico; Pearce, Joshua M. (2020-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214860419315143">"Polymer-derived SiOC replica of material extrusion-based 3-D printed plastics"</a>. Additive Manufacturing. 32: 100988. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.02442">1909.02442</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.addma.2019.100988">10.1016/j.addma.2019.100988</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2214-8604">2214-8604</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202537657">202537657</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKulkarniPearceYangMotta2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kulkarni, Apoorv; Pearce, Joshua; Yang, Yuejiao; Motta, Antonella; Sorarù, Gian Domenico (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fadem.202100535">"SiOC(N) Cellular Structures with Dense Struts by Integrating Fused Filament Fabrication 3D Printing with Polymer-Derived Ceramics"</a>. Advanced Engineering Materials. 23 (12): 2100535. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fadem.202100535">10.1002/adem.202100535</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11572%2F376660">11572/376660</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1438-1656">1438-1656</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237749100">237749100</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFYangKulkarniSoraruPearce2021" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Yuejiao; Kulkarni, Apoorv; Soraru, Gian Domenico; Pearce, Joshua M.; Motta, Antonella (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8706922">"3D Printed SiOC(N) Ceramic Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Regeneration: Improved Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells"</a>. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22 (24): 13676. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms222413676">10.3390/ijms222413676</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1422-0067">1422-0067</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8706922">8706922</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34948473">34948473</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRasakiXiongXiongSu2021" class="citation journal cs1">Rasaki, Sefiu Abolaji; Xiong, Dingyu; Xiong, Shufeng; Su, Fang; Idrees, Muhammad; Chen, Zhangwei (2021-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40145-021-0468-z">"Photopolymerization-based additive manufacturing of ceramics: A systematic review"</a>. Journal of Advanced Ceramics. 10 (3): 442–471. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40145-021-0468-z">10.1007/s40145-021-0468-z</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2227-8508">2227-8508</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232371172">232371172</a>.</cite>

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